Royalbcmuseum.bc.ca - Library. The BC Archives Library houses a unique collection of approximately 72,000 books, pamphlets, serials, directories, newspapers, atlases, maps, posters, sheets of music, theatre programmes, dissertations, theses and other publications with a strong emphasis on the geographic, social, cultural and political history of British Columbia and ...

 
BC Archives. Use this database to find descriptions and select digitized versions of archival records held at the BC Archives. You can use "quotes" for an exact phrase, the asterisk* as a wild card, and the advanced search function to narrow your results. The collections search was recently updated and some functions may have changed.. Thefcu

Contact Info. Stay connected through our e-newsletter. It's full of updates about our collections, research, exhibitions, events, promos and fundraising. Enter your email address. Home. Contact Info.The collection ranges from large poles and canoes to small items of jewellery and adornment. It is one of the most comprehensive collections of First Nations cultural materials from BC. Noteworthy holdings are Heiltsuk and Nuxalk objects purchased from Fillip Jacobsen in 1893; Charles F. Newcombe’s well-documented early-20th-century ...Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists.Location. We are located on Belleville Street at the border between beautiful downtown Victoria and historic James Bay, just steps from the Fairmont Empress Hotel, the BC Legislative Assembly and Victoria's Inner Harbour. We recommend leaving two to four hours to enjoy the core galleries, feature exhibition, and Pocket [email protected]. The ethnographic photography collection documents First Nations people, communities and ways of life over more than a century, from the 1850s when the first photographs were taken in British Columbia to the present. It includes approximately 65,000 images in a variety of historical and modern formats: cartes de ...The Royal BC Museum, with support from our partners, is proud to present the first annual WinterFest outdoor multicultural holiday market, December 2 and 3. Celebrating arts, culture and community, WinterFest brings together the best parts of the holiday season. Food, warm drinks and multicultural performances pair with local vendors for a one-of-a-kind experience.Photo Camp for Adults. Unleash your inner wildlife photographer at our day-long workshop. You will learn how to take better photographs under the guidance of the museum's own photographer Shane Lighter and professional wildlife photographer Sam Rose Phillips. Suitable for beginners to advanced intermediates, you will spend time in the classroom ...Night Shift: Pride. Show your colours at Night Shift: Pride, our newest 19+ event, and the best Pride Party on Vancouver Island! Get ready to celebrate with three full floors of extraordinary entertainment. Downstairs, DJ Ronny B, and later, Tigress, will pack the lobby dance floor with high-energy club anthems, Top 40, tech, house and everyone ...Geoffrey George Edgar Scudder died in Vancouver, BC, on July 4, 2023, after several years of ill-health. He was 89 years old. He was professor emeritus in the Zoology department of the University of British Columbia (UBC) and spent his entire post-graduate university career (1958-1999) there. He is the only UBC faculty member ever to …Mammoth Sale. The Mammoth Sale is back! From February 9 to 19, save big at the Royal BC Museum. Save 20-75% off storewide at the Royal Museum Shop, plus a few extra, greatly reduced, special deals and unique finds, as always . Royal BC Museum members, IMAX® Victoria passholders, and Combo Pass holders receive an additional 10% off all purchases!RBCM @ Home will visit with staff of the Royal BC Museums and museums and cultural sites around BC on Tuesdays at 12 pm. Got little ones? RBCM @ Home(Kids!) takes place on Wednesdays at 11 am, visit our calendar for topics, presenters and a list of materials so you can join in with hands-on activities at home.Night Shift: Vintage Valentines. This year we celebrate love, lust and everything in between with a vintage-inspired Valentine’s day event. In addition to exploring the galleries, you can dance to live music by Hank Angel and chill out with Sarah Osbourne and Elder Sister Plum. DJs db Chessa and Hristo will both bring vintage soul, funk and ...royalbcmuseum.bc.ca. 49. Royal BC Museum | 2,999 followers on LinkedIn. Open 10am - 5pm Sunday to Thursday Open 10am - 10pm Friday to Saturday | Wildlife Photographer of the Year opens March 1, 2024.Free: Family Day is supported by the Province of BC. The Royal BC Museum is your museum. Join us on Family Day to share the museum with your loved ones. On Family Day 2019, join us for a Learning Centre Design Playdate from 1:00 to 3:00 pm. The Royal BC Museum is in the process of developing an inclusive learning centre, a hub for learning and ...VICTORIA, BC—The Royal BC Museum has announced the upcoming films and showtimes for the reopening of the IMAX® Victoria theatre on Friday, September 3, 2021, just in time for the Labour Day long weekend.. IMAX® Victoria is excited to offer the stories and science of our ocean neighbours in Humpback Whales, narrated by acclaimed actor Ewan McGregor and set in the waters of Alaska, Hawaii ...Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists.Royal Museum Shop hoursmay vary. 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2. 1-250-356-7226. 1-888-447-7977.Mammoth Sale. The Mammoth Sale is back! From February 9 to 19, save big at the Royal BC Museum. Save 20-75% off storewide at the Royal Museum Shop, plus a few extra, greatly reduced, special deals and unique finds, as always . Royal BC Museum members, IMAX® Victoria passholders, and Combo Pass holders receive an additional 10% off all purchases!Donated to the BC Archives by Ida and George Halpern, 1974, 1984 and 1989-1990. Arrangement The fonds is arranged into three series: Series 1: Sound recordings Series 2: Research and Private Records Series 3: EphemeraBC is known internationally as a language hotspot because of these 34 languages. To celebrate this, the Our Living Languages exhibition was created in 2014 in partnership with First Peoples’ Cultural Council and their advisors from Nations around the province. Centuries of deep disruptions to First Nations families and communities have ...Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists.VICTORIA, BC — SUE: The T.rex Experience officially opens today at the Royal BC Museum. SUE, is the most complete and best-preserved Tyrannosaurus rex ever found. The exhibition, created by the Field Museum in Chicago, takes visitors on a journey through Hell Creek, South Dakota, one of the most well documented ecosystems from the age of dinosaurs and provides the opportunity to learn how ...Pictures and drawings of First Peoples fishing technologies. [email protected] result was a contour map of the full-size mammoth. The fabricators then cut Styrofoam blocks along the contour lines with a high-speed drill to shape the sections of the mammoth's body. Those sections were glued together, supported with a framework of wood and metal, and delivered to the museum. By January, 1979, Woolly was in place, and ...Family History (Genealogy) The BC Archives holds many records that can help you learn your family’s story. We have records and publications from court registries, government agencies, as well as private individuals, families and institutions that may contain information about your family members or the communities where they lived.The following resources are for students, teachers, and chaperones to use during a self-guided visit to the permanent galleries. Age-appropriate activities and guides help students take a closer look at the Royal BC Museum while connecting to big ideas and themes learned in the classroom. Learn more.Research guides help you understand and access records related to your search topic. They also provide you with additional information and, in some instances, transcriptions of records. General. Guide. Canada Census Office. Overview: View PDF. 1881: View PDF.Every year the Government Records team at the BC Archives processes over 2,000 boxes of records created by the provincial government. Most of […] BC Archives is open Monday through Saturday and opening hours can be found here. Appointments are no longer required and walk-in visitors are welcome. Any changes or disruptions to service at the BC Archives are communicated through the News and Service notes. Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists.VICTORIA, BC — A paper co-authored by Derek Larson, a member of the Royal BC Museum’s palaeontology department, working with an international team of palaeontologists, proposes that Tyrannosaurus rex may not have been the teeth-baring, ferocious looking creature that we’ve come to know.. Results from the researchers’ work …Web use: the credit shall be located either adjacent to the image or in a “Sources of Illustrations/Images” section. Please submit your order form to: Reprographics Office. Phone: 250-356-0138 or Toll Free: 1-866-356-0138. Mail: BC Archives, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria BC, V8W 9W2, CANADA. Fax: 250-387-2072.Learn. No matter where you are in the province, the Royal BC Museum has ways for you to connect and learn. Bring the museum to you with a Digital Field Trip, interact with stories and objects in your own classroom or community with an Outreach Kit, and encourage critical thinking and place-based learning through the Learning Portal.St. Ann's Schoolhouse. St. Ann's Schoolhouse may be the oldest building still standing in Victoria. Built by Jacques Lequechier in 1844 and constructed in the Hudson's Bay Company Red River style, it was purchased by Roman Catholic Bishop Demers in 1853 for use as a residence and a schoolhouse. In 1858, when four Sisters of St. Ann returned ...BC Archives Genealogy - General Search. Search Results Help. New Search; Refine Search; Currently Displaying 1 to 1 of 1 | Page ; 1; Event Type: Death. Registration Number: 1990-09-003228. BC Archives Mfilm Number: B17142. GSU Mfilm Number: 1709288. Event Date (YYYY-MM-DD): 1990-03-02. Event Place: KELOWNA. Age at Death: ...VICTORIA, BC-At a time when British Columbians face myriad social and economic challenges, a new exhibition in the Royal BC Museum's Pocket Gallery highlights themes of inclusion and resilience through A Tale of Two Families: Generations of Intercultural Communities and Family Lessons. Beginning August 5, the free exhibition will reveal the stories of two families—one Chinese Canadian ...View Full Profile. 250-812-8013. [email protected]. Repatriation Specialist Lou-ann Neel joins us again to virtually walk through Thunderbird Park at the Royal BC Museum. This time we focus on the early history of this provincial heritage site and learn how it was transformed into what we see today.VICTORIA, BC —Wildlife Photographer of the Year, the world-renowned exhibition developed and produced by the Natural History Museum in London, will be on display at the Royal BC Museum from December 16, 2022 to April 16, 2023.The visionary designers of the museum and its grounds surrounded the buildings with one of the first native plant gardens on the west coast of North America in 1968. To the left and right of the museum's main entrance, landscaped beds are home to more than 400 plant species native to British Columbia. A large bed of the bulb-forming camas ...Mon, Jun 17 2024, 2 - 2:30pm. Mon, Jun 24 2024, 2 - 2:30pm. Tue, Mar 26 2024, 11 - 11:30am. Wed, Mar 27 2024, 2 - 2:30pm. Thu, Mar 28 2024, 11 - 11:30am. Join us for a 30-minute guided tour and uncover some of the highlights and hidden gems of the Natural History Gallery. Natural History tours meet at the top of the escalator on the second floor.BC grade schools: Contact [email protected] to book an entry time Tuesday through Friday, during the school year Sep - Jun at the BC Student rate. There is limited availability. Age categories: Adult (age 19-64), Senior (65+), Student (19+ with valid student ID), Youth (6-18), Child [email protected]. Lost and Found. 250-387-3572 [email protected]. IMAX ® Victoria and IMAX ® Victoria Annual Passholders. 250-952-4206. Mail. Royal BC Museum 675 Belleville Street Victoria, BC, V8W 9W2. BC Archives 675 Belleville St Victoria, BC, V8W 9W2Step through the doors of the oldest house in British Columbia still on its original site and experience what Christmas was like in Victoria more than 100 years ago. Decorations, music and first-hand accounts will take you back to Christmas past.Back home at the Carr family property, 44 Carr St. (now 207 Government St.), Emily resumes teaching, this time in the studio of friend and fellow artist, Theresa Wylde. On a weekly basis she also creates pen and ink drawings illustrating political issues for , a Victoria publication. Carr also returns to Ucluelet.The Royal BC Museum, with support from our partners, is proud to present the first annual WinterFest outdoor multicultural holiday market, December 2 and 3. Celebrating arts, culture and community, WinterFest brings together the best parts of the holiday season. Food, warm drinks and multicultural performances pair with local vendors for a one-of-a-kind …Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists.Biographical history. The British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency (BCVSA) is responsible for determining and registering births, deaths and marriages and for issuing certificates related to these events. The agency also performs civil marriage ceremonies through private ...Every year the Government Records team at the BC Archives processes over 2,000 boxes of records created by the provincial government. Most of […]Escolha uma rua no bairro de Areia Branca na cidade Belford Roxo no estado de Rio de Janeiro para encontrar o CEP correto. Selecione um logradouro - Avenida Augusto Vasco Aranha, Estrada Mineira, Rua Adaltiva, Rua Adélia Sarruf, Rua Alberto Brigadão, Rua …The BC Black History Awareness Society in partnership with the Royal BC Museum presents Hope Meets Action: Echoes Through the Black Continuum, the story of Afro-diasporic "British Columbia" history, past, present and future. Black "British Columbian" history has long been whitewashed in the annals of colonial history. Against the backdrop of white-centring walls, this exhibit daylights ...A number of the resources identified in British Columbia Archives Genealogical Research Resources are also relevant to finding information about aboriginal ancestors who resided in British Columbia. Both guides are available in hard copy in the Reference Room and in PDF format on our web site.Orcas: Our Shared Future was on display at the Royal BC Museum from March 2021 to March 2022. This exhibition took a deep dive into the stories and science that surround the magnificent orca, spirit of BC's wild coast and apex predator of all oceans. It examined the currents of ecological activism, popular culture and Indigenous beliefs to share an appreciation of these sophisticated animals ...VICTORIA, BC — The board of directors of the Royal BC Museum announced today that Tracey Drake has been appointed as the chief executive officer of the Royal BC Museum, effective March 1, 2024, for a term up to December 31, 2025.. This new term appointment provides increased organizational stability, and by assuming the CEO role until a permanent CEO is appointed, Drake will continue to ...Pictures and drawings of First Peoples fishing technologiesLiving Cultures. Indigenous Artist Profiles In the summer of 2019, the Royal British Columbia Museum held the first iteration of the Indigenous Summer Arts Studio. This program was a revitalization of a previous carving studio that operated in Thunderbird park from 1952 to 2008. Each week showcased different featured artists and media, such as ...BC Archives Genealogy - General Search. Search our indexes to births (1854-1903), marriages (1871-1947), deaths (1872-2002), colonial marriages (1859-1872) and baptisms (1836-1888). Genealogy indexes and images are provided for private archival and historical research purposes only.The BC Black History Awareness Society in partnership with the Royal BC Museum presents Hope Meets Action: Echoes Through the Black Continuum, the story of Afro-diasporic "British Columbia" history, past, present and future. Black "British Columbian" history has long been whitewashed in the annals of colonial history. Against the backdrop of white-centring walls, this exhibit daylights ...Research guides help you understand and access records related to your search topic. They also provide you with additional information and, in some instances, transcriptions of records. General. Guide. Canada Census Office. Overview: View PDF. 1881: View PDF.Pocket Gallery Exhibition The BC Black History Awareness Society in partnership with the Royal BC Museum presents Hope Meets Action: Echoes Through the Black Continuum, the story of Afro-diasporic “British Columbia” history, past, present and future. Black “British Columbian” history has long been whitewashed in the annals of colonial history.For more information please call the shop at 250-356-0505 and ask to speak to a supervisor or email us at [email protected]. Plan Your Visit. Buy Tickets; Hours & Location; Events; Get In Touch. 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2 1-250-356-7226 1-888-447-7977 [email protected]. This program is designed to be used by archeologists, biologists and forensic scientists. Identifying bird bones to species is a labour intensive process. This program was created as a time saving tool to help identify bird bones to species. This program is a "guide" and is intended to be used with a comparative faunal collection.Archives History. The BC Archives is the oldest archival institution west of the Great Lakes. It traces its roots back to 1894. The archives was formed to preserve records of early colonial settlement in British Columbia.Conservation is responsible for the care and preservation of the Royal BC Museum collections. We monitor the relative humidity, temperature, lighting and air quality to ensure that artifacts and specimens are protected from deterioration. Our conservators lend expertise across disciplines, providing such services as materials analysis, exhibit ...During the summer of 2018, the Royal BC Museum hosted a First Nations cultural tradition in action: an on-site pole carving, in partnership with the BC Ministry of Health and sponsored by TimberWest. Artists Tom and Perry LaFortune, brothers and members of the Tsawout First Nation, worked on a massive pole outdoors, stopping frequently to ...BC Archives Genealogy - General Search. Search Results Help. New Search; Refine Search; Currently Displaying 1 to 1 of 1 | Page ; 1; Event Type: Death. Registration Number: 1990-09-003228. BC Archives Mfilm Number: B17142. GSU Mfilm Number: 1709288. Event Date (YYYY-MM-DD): 1990-03-02. Event Place: KELOWNA. Age ...View Full Profile. 250-886-0210. [email protected]. Join members of the Victoria Centre Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Science Venture, University of Victoria and others as they present amazing astronomical activities for all ages. Activities throughout the day include:For more information please call the shop at 250-356-0505 and ask to speak to a supervisor or email us at [email protected]. Plan Your Visit. Buy Tickets; Hours & Location; Events; Get In Touch. 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2 1-250-356-7226 1-888-447-7977 [email protected] Royal BC Museum explores the province's human history and natural history, advances new knowledge and understanding of BC, and provides a dynamic forum for discussion and a place for reflection. The museum and archives celebrate culture and history, telling the stories of BC in ways that enlighten, stimulate and inspire.BC grade schools: Contact [email protected] to book an entry time Tuesday through Friday, during the school year Sep - Jun at the BC Student rate. There is limited availability. Age categories: Adult (age 19-64), Senior (65+), Student (19+ with valid student ID), Youth (6-18), Child (age 5 and younger) Day Week Month All.BC Archives. Registers of births, etc. Taxonomy. Scope note (s) Here are entered works relating to registers of births, marriages, deaths, etc that are both secular and religious in nature. Source note (s) LCSH. GR and MS subject headings. 29 Archival description …BC grade schools: Contact [email protected] to book an entry time Tuesday through Friday, during the school year Sep - Jun at the BC Student rate. There is limited availability. Age categories: Adult (age 19-64), Senior (65+), Student (19+ with valid student ID), Youth (6-18), Child ...Mammoth Sale. The Mammoth Sale is back! From February 9 to 19, save big at the Royal BC Museum. Save 20-75% off storewide at the Royal Museum Shop, plus a few extra, greatly reduced, special deals and unique finds, as always . Royal BC Museum members, IMAX® Victoria passholders, and Combo Pass holders receive an additional 10% off all purchases!With nearly 225,000 catalogued artifacts, the Royal BC Museum holds the largest collection of British Columbia First Nations archaeological materials in the world. Collected since 1886, these artifacts represent up to 10,000 years of history. While the collection includes objects from Euro-American, European and Asian manufacture, 99 per cent ...Campers will learn about photo composition and storytelling, venture to Beacon Hill Park to capture dynamic nature shots and explore the Royal BC Museum’s Natural History collection, as well as the Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition. Before and after camp care is available (8am- 9am and 4pm- 5pm). Buy Tickets. Home. Visit. Events. Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists. View Full Profile. 250 896-5483. [email protected]. *An appointment equals one photograph. There is a maximum of six people who can be in one photograph. If you want individual photographs, please book an appointment for each individual photograph you require. For example, if you have two children and you want them to be in one ... Mammoth Sale. The Mammoth Sale is back! From February 9 to 19, save big at the Royal BC Museum. Save 20–75% off storewide at the Royal Museum Shop, plus a few extra, greatly reduced, special deals and unique finds, as always . Royal BC Museum members, IMAX® Victoria passholders, and Combo Pass holders receive an additional 10% off all purchases! www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca The Royal British Columbia Museum (or Royal BC Museum ), founded in 1886, is a history museum in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada. The "Royal" title was approved by Queen Elizabeth II and bestowed by Prince Philip in 1987, to …June 28, 2024-February 16, 2025. Explore innovative modern designs from mid-century homeware to a psychedelic vintage dress, crafted by Canadians whose works reflect and define the global trend in Canadian Modern. Highlighting the experimentation, innovation and ingenuity behind 100 culturally significant objects created in Canada, Canadian ...BC Archives. BC Archives is open Monday through Saturday and opening hours can be found here. Appointments are no longer required and walk-in visitors are welcome. Any changes or disruptions to service at the BC Archives are communicated through the News and Service notes.A part of the former Becoming BC permanent modern history gallery, Old Town, New Approach, is now open with a series of new contextual panels designed to inform and inspire visitors to the exhibition and will continue to reflect the museum's commitment to diversity and inclusion. From stories of BC's sleeping car porters at the Port Moody ...

Mammoth Sale. The Mammoth Sale is back! From February 9 to 19, save big at the Royal BC Museum. Save 20–75% off storewide at the Royal Museum Shop, plus a few extra, greatly reduced, special deals and unique finds, as always . Royal BC Museum members, IMAX® Victoria passholders, and Combo Pass holders receive an additional 10% off all purchases! . Gadeloitte

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VICTORIA, BC–At a time when British Columbians face myriad social and economic challenges, a new exhibition in the Royal BC Museum’s Pocket Gallery highlights themes of inclusion and resilience through A Tale of Two Families: Generations of Intercultural Communities and Family Lessons. Beginning August 5, the …Designed at the end of the millennium as a visual tribute to the Royal BC Museum's earlier home, these elegant turn-of-the-century cases present what appears to be an eclectic mix from our collections. If you look closely, you will find clusters on specific themes, such as portrayal of gender roles. There are also threads of connected objects ...A part of the former Becoming BC permanent modern history gallery, Old Town, New Approach, is now open with a series of new contextual panels designed to inform and inspire visitors to the exhibition and will continue to reflect the museum's commitment to diversity and inclusion. From stories of BC's sleeping car porters at the Port Moody ...Visit the Research Portal to learn how the Royal BC Museum's natural history, human history and archival collections inspire and inform our research The Archives Learn how the BC Archives provides access to records of enduring value to the province for public researchers, scholars and genealogists.18. Ocean Station 2. 09. Forest Dome - Bear. 10. River - Bear. Create Virtual Tours, 360 Photos, and Interactive Images with SeekBeak's mobile friendly 360 image platform.Wayne joined the museum as our EFO and VP of Corporate Services in May of 2023 bringing 28 years of Provincial Government finance experience, complemented with leadership in the Health Care, Non-Profit / Charities and Volunteer sectors. His portfolio includes all things Finance, IM/IT, Human Resources, Volunteers, Fund Development and Facilities.Remembering World War I with Royal BC Museum history collections manager Paul Ferguson. Join us as we examine World War I locations that are significant to British Columbians. Bring a pencil and paper for some close observation time with a selection of historical objects from the Great War.VICTORIA, BC — Journey into the depths of the ocean with Blue Whales: Return of the Giants, coming to IMAX® Victoria on February 9.. Blue Whales: Return of the Giants takes viewers on a journey of a lifetime to explore the world of the magnificent blue whale, a species rebounding from the brink of extinction. Following two scientific expeditions — one to find a missing population of blues ...VICTORIA, BC—The Royal BC Museum has announced the upcoming films and showtimes for the reopening of the IMAX® Victoria theatre on Friday, September 3, 2021, just in time for the Labour Day long weekend.. IMAX® Victoria is excited to offer the stories and science of our ocean neighbours in Humpback Whales, narrated by acclaimed actor Ewan McGregor and set in the waters of Alaska, Hawaii ...Media are invited to an advanced screening of Fungi: The Web of Life on October 18 or 19 at 7:15 PM. If you would like tickets set aside for you, please RSVP to [email protected]. Andy MacKinnon is also available to speak to media leading up to Fungi Fest. Schedule: Wednesday, Oct. 18, 12–1 PM — Live at Lunch Fungi Fest ...It wasn't easy for early Chinese Canadians to come to Canada. They faced a voyage of over 10,000 km across the Pacific Ocean on ships that provided little in the way of comfort. Between 1885 and 1923, all people from China were forced to pay an expensive head tax to enter the country. This practice finally stopped in 1923 when Chinese ....

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